i finally sat down and calculated the theoretical intonation of the standard valved trumpet.

this is something i've been wanting to know for years, and just never gave enough thought to it to figure out exactly how it worked. and i've never seen anything like this published anywhere either.

my source (Christopher W. Monk, "The Older Brass Instruments: Cornett, Trombone, Trumpet", chapter 11 of _Musical Instruments Through The Ages_, ed. Anthony Baines, 1973 reprint of 1969 3rd edition) says that the valves lower the pitch of the "natural" harmonics available on the trumpet, by adding extra lengths of tubing as follows:

1st valve = 1/8 of the main tube
2nd valve = 1/15 of the main tube
3rd valve = 1/5 of the main tube

this mechanism obviously has a JI basis, so that
the 1st valve lowers the pitch by a 9:8 ratio (-~204 cents = "2 semitones"),
the 2nd by a 16:15 (-~112 cents = "1 semitone"), and
the 3rd by a 6:5 (-~316 cents = "3 semitones").

but as Monk points out (describing it differently, but it means the same as what i say here), these ratios only apply when the player uses a *single* valve. when 2 or 3 are used in combination, the ratios become much more complex, as follows:

  valves      ratio   ~cents

1 and 2      143:120   -304
1 and 3       53:40    -487
2 and 3       19:15    -409
1, 2, and 3  167:120   -572

here is a tabulation for all valve combinations:

valves   ratio             monzo            ~cents "semitones"
                   2  3  5 11 13 19 53 167

 2       15:16   [-4  1  1  0  0  0  0  0 ]  -112     -1
 1        8:9    [ 3 -2  0  0  0  0  0  0 ]  -204     -2
 1-2    120:143  [ 3  1  1 -1 -1  0  0  0 ]  -304     -3
 3        5:6    [-1 -1  1  0  0  0  0  0 ]  -316     -3
 2-3     15:19   [ 0  1  1  0  0 -1  0  0 ]  -409     -4
 1-3     40:53   [ 3  0  1  0  0  0 -1  0 ]  -487     -5
 1-2-3  120:167  [ 3  1  1  0  0  0  0 -1 ]  -572     -6

so i calculated all of the notes which are available by lowering the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th natural harmonics of the trumpet. making "C" the beginning of each ascending 8ve and designating "middle-C" as C 4, these are respectively the notes C 4 , G 4 , C 5 , E 5 , G 5 , Bb< 5 , and C 6 ("high-C").

(i'm using the "less-than" sign as per my 72edo HEWM notation, to indicate the ~31 cent lowering of the 7th harmonic from the 12edo Bb.)

these are the notes as written for the trumpet. for the standard Bb trumpet, the actual sounding pitch will be one "whole-step" lower, and for the small F trumpet, a "perfect-4th" higher.

one last _caveat_: the way the player uses his lips has a *tremendous* affect on trumpet intonation. these cents-values are only theoretical, and may vary widely. also, i know nothing about variabilities of tube-length for the valves among different makes and models of trumpet.

all valve combinations for each blown harmonic:

valves  --------- monzo ------------      ratio      cents    8ve + cents
          2  3  5  7 11 13 19 53 167

harmonic: C4 (middle-C)
0       [ 1, 0, 0, 0>                     2 / 1     1200.00   1     0
2       [-3, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    15 / 8     1088.27   0  1088.27
1       [ 4,-2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    16 / 9      996.09   0   996.09
1-2     [ 4, 1, 1, 0,-1,-1, 0, 0,  0>   240 / 143    896.42   0   896.42
3       [ 0,-1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>     5 / 3      884.36   0   884.36
2-3     [ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,-1, 0,  0>    30 / 19     790.76   0   790.76
1-3     [ 4, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,-1,  0>    80 / 53     712.81   0   712.81
1-2-3   [ 4, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1>   240 / 167    627.82   0   627.82

harmonic: G4
0       [ 0, 1, 0, 0>                     3 / 1     1901.96   1   701.96
2       [-4, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    45 / 16    1790.22   1   590.22
1       [ 3,-1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>     8 / 3     1698.04   1   498.04
1-2     [ 3, 2, 1, 0,-1,-1, 0, 0,  0>   360 / 143   1598.38   1   398.38
3       [-1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>     5 / 2     1586.31   1   386.31
2-3     [ 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0,-1, 0,  0>    45 / 19    1492.71   1   292.71
1-3     [ 3, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,-1,  0>   120 / 53    1414.76   1   214.76
1-2-3   [ 3, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1>   360 / 167   1329.78   1   129.78

harmonic: C5 (treble-C)
0       [ 2, 0, 0, 0>                     4 / 1     2400.00   2     0
2       [-2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    15 / 4     2288.27   1  1088.27
1       [ 5,-2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    32 / 9     2196.09   1   996.09
1-2     [ 5, 1, 1, 0,-1,-1, 0, 0,  0>   480 / 143   2096.42   1   896.42
3       [ 1,-1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    10 / 3     2084.36   1   884.36
2-3     [ 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,-1, 0,  0>    60 / 19    1990.76   1   790.76
1-3     [ 5, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,-1,  0>   160 / 53    1912.81   1   712.81
1-2-3   [ 5, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1>   480 / 167   1827.82   1   627.82

harmonic: E-5
0       [ 0, 0, 1, 0>                     5 / 1     2786.31   2   386.31
2       [-4, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    75 / 16    2674.58   2   274.58
1       [ 3,-2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    40 / 9     2582.40   2   182.4
1-2     [ 3, 1, 2, 0,-1,-1, 0, 0,  0>   600 / 143   2482.74   2    82.74
3       [-1,-1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    25 / 6     2470.67   2    70.67
2-3     [ 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0,-1, 0,  0>    75 / 19    2377.07   1  1177.07
1-3     [ 3, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0,-1,  0>   200 / 53    2299.12   1  1099.12
1-2-3   [ 3, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1>   600 / 167   2214.14   1  1014.14

harmonic: G5
0       [ 1, 1, 0, 0>                     6 / 1     3101.96   2   701.96
2       [-3, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    45 / 8     2990.22   2   590.22
1       [ 4,-1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    16 / 3     2898.04   2   498.04
1-2     [ 4, 2, 1, 0,-1,-1, 0, 0,  0>   720 / 143   2798.38   2   398.38
3       [ 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>     5 / 1     2786.31   2   386.31
2-3     [ 1, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0,-1, 0,  0>    90 / 19    2692.71   2   292.71
1-3     [ 4, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,-1,  0>   240 / 53    2614.76   2   214.76
1-2-3   [ 4, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1>   720 / 167   2529.78   2   129.78

harmonic: Bb<5
0       [ 0, 0, 0, 1>                     7 / 1     3368.83   2   968.83
2       [-4, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>   105 / 16    3257.09   2   857.09
1       [ 3,-2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    56 / 9     3164.92   2   764.92
1-2     [ 3, 1, 1, 1,-1,-1, 0, 0,  0>   840 / 143   3065.25   2   665.25
3       [-1,-1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    35 / 6     3053.18   2   653.18
2-3     [ 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,-1, 0,  0>   105 / 19    2959.58   2   559.58
1-3     [ 3, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,-1,  0>   280 / 53    2881.64   2   481.64
1-2-3   [ 3, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1>   840 / 167   2796.65   2   396.65

harmonic: C6 (high-C)
0       [ 3, 0, 0, 0>                     8 / 1     3600.00   3     0
2       [-1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    15 / 2     3488.27   2  1088.27
1       [ 6,-2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    64 / 9     3396.09   2   996.09
1-2     [ 6, 1, 1, 0,-1,-1, 0, 0,  0>   960 / 143   3296.42   2   896.42
3       [ 2,-1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    20 / 3     3284.36   2   884.36
2-3     [ 3, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,-1, 0,  0>   120 / 19    3190.76   2   790.76
1-3     [ 6, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,-1,  0>   320 / 53    3112.81   2   712.81
1-2-3   [ 6, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1>   960 / 167   3027.82   2   627.82

-------------------------------------------

all notes in descending order:

note     played as:   --------- monzo ------------      ratio    absolute  8ve + cents
        harm. valves    2  3  5  7 11 13 19 53 167                 cents

C6      C6    0       [ 3, 0, 0, 0>                     8 / 1     3600.00   3     0
B5      C6    2       [-1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    15 / 2     3488.27   2  1088.27
A#/Bb5  C6    1       [ 6,-2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    64 / 9     3396.09   2   996.09
A#/Bb5  Bb<5  0       [ 0, 0, 0, 1>                     7 / 1     3368.83   2   968.83
A5      C6    1-2     [ 6, 1, 1, 0,-1,-1, 0, 0,  0>   960 / 143   3296.42   2   896.42
A5      C6    3       [ 2,-1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    20 / 3     3284.36   2   884.36
A5      Bb<5  2       [-4, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>   105 / 16    3257.09   2   857.09
G#/Ab5  C6    2-3     [ 3, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,-1, 0,  0>   120 / 19    3190.76   2   790.76
G#/Ab5  Bb<5  1       [ 3,-2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    56 / 9     3164.92   2   764.92
G5      C6    1-3     [ 6, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,-1,  0>   320 / 53    3112.81   2   712.81
G5      G5    0       [ 1, 1, 0, 0>                     6 / 1     3101.96   2   701.96
G5      Bb<5  1-2     [ 3, 1, 1, 1,-1,-1, 0, 0,  0>   840 / 143   3065.25   2   665.25
G5      Bb<5  3       [-1,-1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    35 / 6     3053.18   2   653.18
F#/Gb5  C6    1-2-3   [ 6, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1>   960 / 167   3027.82   2   627.82
F#/Gb5  G5    2       [-3, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    45 / 8     2990.22   2   590.22
F#/Gb5  Bb<5  2-3     [ 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,-1, 0,  0>   105 / 19    2959.58   2   559.58
F5      G5    1       [ 4,-1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    16 / 3     2898.04   2   498.04
F5      Bb<5  1-3     [ 3, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,-1,  0>   280 / 53    2881.64   2   481.64
E5      G5    1-2     [ 4, 2, 1, 0,-1,-1, 0, 0,  0>   720 / 143   2798.38   2   398.38
E5      Bb<5  1-2-3   [ 3, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1>   840 / 167   2796.65   2   396.65
E5      G5    3       [ 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>     5 / 1     2786.31   2   386.31
E5      E-5   0       [ 0, 0, 1, 0>                     5 / 1     2786.31   2   386.31
D#/Eb5  G5    2-3     [ 1, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0,-1, 0,  0>    90 / 19    2692.71   2   292.71
D#/Eb5  E-5   2       [-4, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    75 / 16    2674.58   2   274.58
D5      G5    1-3     [ 4, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,-1,  0>   240 / 53    2614.76   2   214.76
D5      E-5   1       [ 3,-2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    40 / 9     2582.40   2   182.4
C#/Db5  G5    1-2-3   [ 4, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1>   720 / 167   2529.78   2   129.78
C#/Db5  E-5   1-2     [ 3, 1, 2, 0,-1,-1, 0, 0,  0>   600 / 143   2482.74   2    82.74
C#/Db5  E-5   3       [-1,-1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    25 / 6     2470.67   2    70.67
C5      C5    0       [ 2, 0, 0, 0>                     4 / 1     2400.00   2     0
C5      E-5   2-3     [ 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0,-1, 0,  0>    75 / 19    2377.07   1  1177.07
B4      E-5   1-3     [ 3, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0,-1,  0>   200 / 53    2299.12   1  1099.12
B4      C5    2       [-2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    15 / 4     2288.27   1  1088.27
A#/Bb4  E-5   1-2-3   [ 3, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1>   600 / 167   2214.14   1  1014.14
A#/Bb4  C5    1       [ 5,-2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    32 / 9     2196.09   1   996.09
A4      C5    1-2     [ 5, 1, 1, 0,-1,-1, 0, 0,  0>   480 / 143   2096.42   1   896.42
A4      C5    3       [ 1,-1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    10 / 3     2084.36   1   884.36
G#/Ab4  C5    2-3     [ 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,-1, 0,  0>    60 / 19    1990.76   1   790.76
G4      C5    1-3     [ 5, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,-1,  0>   160 / 53    1912.81   1   712.81
G4      G4    0       [ 0, 1, 0, 0>                     3 / 1     1901.96   1   701.96
F#/Gb4  C5    1-2-3   [ 5, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1>   480 / 167   1827.82   1   627.82
F#/Gb4  G4    2       [-4, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    45 / 16    1790.22   1   590.22
F4      G4    1       [ 3,-1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>     8 / 3     1698.04   1   498.04
E4      G4    1-2     [ 3, 2, 1, 0,-1,-1, 0, 0,  0>   360 / 143   1598.38   1   398.38
E4      G4    3       [-1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>     5 / 2     1586.31   1   386.31
D#/Eb4  G4    2-3     [ 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0,-1, 0,  0>    45 / 19    1492.71   1   292.71
D4      G4    1-3     [ 3, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,-1,  0>   120 / 53    1414.76   1   214.76
C#/Db4  G4    1-2-3   [ 3, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1>   360 / 167   1329.78   1   129.78
C4      C4    0       [ 1, 0, 0, 0>                     2 / 1     1200.00   1     0
B3      C4    2       [-3, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    15 / 8     1088.27   0  1088.27
A#/Bb3  C4    1       [ 4,-2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>    16 / 9      996.09   0   996.09
A3      C4    1-2     [ 4, 1, 1, 0,-1,-1, 0, 0,  0>   240 / 143    896.42   0   896.42
A3      C4    3       [ 0,-1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  0>     5 / 3      884.36   0   884.36
G#/Ab3  C4    2-3     [ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,-1, 0,  0>    30 / 19     790.76   0   790.76
G3      C4    1-3     [ 4, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,-1,  0>    80 / 53     712.81   0   712.81
F#/Gb3  C4    1-2-3   [ 4, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1>   240 / 167    627.82   0   627.82

it's very useful to have a table which shows exactly what the instrument is supposed to produce under "ideal" conditions. i found it very illuminating, having thought all this time that trumpets were being mass-produced these days with a fairly solid version of 12edo built into them. if Monk's assessment of the length of tubing for each valve is correct, then my previous misconception is way off the mark.

in fact, quite a few of the trumpet's pitches are about 10 cents sharp, 30 cents sharp, 20 cents flat, and 40 cents flat in comparision to 12edo.

of course, most of the ones which really deviate far from 12edo are those that are produced in conjunction with the lips sounding the 7th harmonic, which i call Bb<5 . and most players probably don't regularly use that harmonic as a basis for valved notes; only those who are microtone-savvy would be interested, the others hearing them as "out of tune".

and certainly good players could also use the 9th, 11th, and 13th harmonics for microtonal high notes. i'll include those in my webpage charts. for now, i figured that the table i posted covers most "typical" instances of trumpet playing, inclding the microtonalist who would use the 7th harmonic.

ONE IMPORTANT NOTE: All modern trumpets have a "tuning slide" on the tubing connected to the 3rd valve, and also often on the 1st valve too. By means of adjusting these slides, which increase the length of tubing associated with that valve, the player may increase the intonational inflection of that valve by as much as approximately a quarter-tone.

I am indebted to George Secor for the following:

Yes, adjustments in lip tension (embouchure) and also the position of the back part of the tongue (which changes the size of the player's mouth cavity) may also be used in order to adjust intonation, and the amount of adjustment possible is greater than with valve slide (or trigger) adjustments. However, embouchure adjustments also affect tone quality, and as you would suspect, the greater the adjustment, the greater the deterioration in quality and the greater the amount of skill required to control the tone. So if you want microtones, this technique also has limitations.

Being a brass player (among other things), I've been thinking about the problem of microtones on valved brass instruments for quite a long time, and many years ago I came to the conclusion that having instruments specially built to play in multiple tunings would ultimately be the best way to go.

A spreadsheet, which I made for Patrick Ozzard-Low, gives a valve plan for 21st-century (microtonal) valved brass instruments, and it may be seen here:

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tuning/files/secor/Brass.xls

A few words of explanation are in order.

1) My plan for valved brass instruments involves only equal divisions of the octave for the simple reason that the advantages of temperaments far outweigh the limitations when one considers instruments of flexible pitch -- and my valve plan accommodates divisions up to 41-ET, so the distinction of a comma may be made.

2) I have added a fourth valve that is operated by the thumb rather than the little finger. For 26-ET and up this is to be a 3-position valve, with the rest position at the center of travel. Bending the thumb lowers the pitch by 1 system degree, and unbending the thumb (from the rest position) *raises* the pitch by 1 system degree. There are several benefits resulting from this arrangement:

a) The thumb has greater strength and independence than the little finger, making microtonal fingering easier to execute;

b) A 3-position valve offers more valve combinations than a 2- position valve, so more tones in the octave are possible;

c) For divisions up to 36-ET the first and second-finger valves are allowed to retain the same function that they have in a conventional instrument (i.e., lowering by a major and minor 2nd, respectively), so that many conventional fingerings are retained, resulting in a much gentler learning curve;

d) For instruments (such as the tuba and piccolo trumpet) that require enough valve combinations to fill out the range between the fundamental and 2nd harmonic (i.e., an entire octave), an additional valve could be operated by the little finger (and is included in my spreadsheet).

3) A compensating mechanism is intended to be employed when the 3rd valve is used in combination with other valves, which brings into play a second (longer) set of slide tubing that corrects most of the shortfall in length. (My spreadsheet gives the error in cents for each valve combination in each division.)

4) For the larger divisions the thumb valve must need to alter the pitch by a relatively small amount. Since there is a practical limit on how little tubing can be added by a conventional valve, the thumb valve mechanism will instead *swap* lengths of tubing, so that the pitch alteration is determined by the *difference* in length between the valve slides employed for each position, so that there is no limitation to how small the pitch alteration can be.

5) In order to convert the instrument from one tuning to another, it would be a simple matter to adjust or swap out lengths of valve tubing, so the player would need only a single instrument to play in many different tunings.

6) As an alternative to a 3-position thumb valve, it would probably be less expensive to think analog rather than digital by giving the thumb the ability to control the position of a second tuning slide for continuously variable adjustment of pitch. This could also eliminate the necessity (and expense) of a 3rd-valve compensating mechanism by also allowing fine adjustments in pitch at the player's discretion. (Shhh! Don't tell anybody that I happen to know that such an instrument is presently under construction.)

Kraig Grady made the following observations:

--- In tuning@yahoogroups.com, kraig grady wrote:

> Monz- > I have had fairly good luck adjusting this valves to my needs as they can be tuned up and down almost a quartertone. The french horn really can give > one lots of options. In fact i noticed that it is unfortunate that Partch's diamond was not more closely related to Bb where valve instruments could > be dropped in easier.

These touch on some additional points that I would like to make:

7) To rephrase the problem of achieving just intonation on brass instruments, it's unfortunate that brass instruments are pitched most often in B-flat. Building a multi-tuning microtonal trumpet in the key of C would not only make it simpler for JI, but would also eliminate the considerable inconvenience (or should I say nightmare) of having to contend with a microtonal transposing instrument, as well as making it easier to play notes in the upper range. The slight difference in tone could be compensated for by a redesign of the bore of the instrument. The trumpet would lose a whole step from the bottom of its range, but this would be alleviated by the following point.

8) The function of the 3rd valve in my plan (not only for the trumpet, but for all valved brass) differs from conventional practice in that it would lower the pitch by a *major third* rather than a minor third, thus restoring half of the lower range that is lost by building a trumpet in C instead of B-flat. And more range is restored when it is realized that there is yet a thumb valve that will lower the pitch still further (making the effective loss of range only a quartertone).

There is an additional reason for changing the function of the 3rd valve. In a 5-valve instrument (see point 2d, above) the 4th-finger valve would lower by a minor sixth, so having the 3rd-finger valve lower by a major third provides a continuous sequence of tones in more divisions of the octave. For the sake of uniformity among the entire microtonal brass family, I believe that it would be desirable that the 3rd valve have the same function regardless of the total number of valves in any particular instrument.

9) Mention of the French horn in the above quote reminds me that this instrument requires special treatment. The conventional double horn is a 4-valve instrument, the 4th valve being operated by the thumb to *raise* the pitch a *fourth*, with a compensating mechanism (see point 3 above) in the form of a double set of valve slides for the other 3 valves). A microtonal instrument built according to the plan in my spreadsheet would necessitate rebuilding the instrument in such a way that the thumb valve (along with its compensating mechanism) be moved to a position where it will be operated by the 3rd finger, with its function changed so that it *lowers* the pitch by a *major third*. With this new 3rd valve depressed, the horn would produce a harmonic series in F. Thus, with no valves depressed, the harmonic series would be in A (a minor second lower than the conventional B- flat horn). The thumb would then be available to operate a 3- position valve that would alter up or down by a single system degree. An additional hand-stopping valve would be provided for the little finger that would add the specific amount of tubing necessary to correct the change in pitch that occurs when the horn is played "stopped."

Having been a horn player myself, I am well aware that some significant adjustments in fingering habits would be necessary in order to play a microtonal instrument such as this, but I have tried to achieve a balance between the changes required for both the player and the instrument. As with the other brass, the 1st and 2nd valves would keep their present function, so that the player would immediately be able to use those two valves for the present "F-horn" fingerings (except that they would be used in conjunction with the 3rd valve depressed) to arrive at the present "F-horn" tube length, thus (hopefully) approaching an ideal "F-horn sound."

updated:

2003.07.29 -- page created
2003.07.31 -- additions from George Secor added
2006.12.15 -- table of notes greatly expanded, monzos included